Female genital mutilation (FGM)

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a harmful cultural practice that involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. It is internationally recognized as a human rights violation with severe health consequences. This article provides an in-depth look at FGM, including its definition, types, causes, consequences, and efforts to eradicate the practice.

Definition

FGM encompasses all procedures involving the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. It is typically performed on girls between infancy and age 15 and has no health benefits.

Types of FGM

The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies FGM into four main types:

1. Type I: Clitoridectomy

   • Partial or total removal of the clitoris and/or the prepuce (clitoral hood).

2. Type II: Excision

   • Partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora.

3. Type III: Infibulation

   • Narrowing of the vaginal opening by creating a seal, formed by cutting and repositioning the labia minora or labia majora, with or without removal of the clitoris.

4. Type IV: Other Harmful Procedures

   • All other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, including pricking, piercing, incising, scraping, and cauterizing.

Causes and Cultural Context

Reasons for FGM include:

1. Cultural and Social Norms:

   • FGM is often upheld by social norms and cultural beliefs, including notions of purity, modesty, and beauty.

2. Rite of Passage:

   • In many communities, FGM is seen as a rite of passage marking the transition to womanhood.

3. Marriageability:

   • FGM is believed to increase a girl's marriage prospects by preserving her virginity and ensuring fidelity.

4. Religious Beliefs:

   • Some believe FGM is a religious requirement, although it is not prescribed by any major religion.

5. Misconceptions:

   • There are widespread misconceptions that FGM enhances fertility or is necessary for hygiene.

Consequences of FGM

Health and psychological impacts of FGM include:

1. Immediate Complications:

   • Severe pain, excessive bleeding (hemorrhage), genital tissue swelling, fever, infections, and urinary problems.

2. Long-Term Health Issues:

   • Chronic pain, cysts, abscesses, genital scarring, and complications during childbirth (including increased risk of maternal and newborn deaths).

3. Psychological Effects:

   • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and sexual dysfunction.

4. Impact on Sexual and Reproductive Health:

   • FGM can lead to severe complications in sexual and reproductive health, including difficulty in menstruation, sexual intercourse, and childbirth.

Efforts to Eradicate FGM

Global initiatives and strategies to eliminate FGM include:

1. International Legal Frameworks:

   • United Nations conventions and resolutions, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), condemn FGM and advocate for its eradication.

2. National Legislation:

   • Many countries have enacted laws criminalizing FGM and providing support for survivors.

3. Education and Advocacy:

   • Raising awareness through education campaigns, engaging community leaders, and using media to change social norms and attitudes towards FGM.

4. Health Sector Involvement:

   • Training healthcare providers to recognize and treat FGM complications and to counsel against the practice.

5. Support Services:

   • Providing psychological and medical support for survivors of FGM to aid in their recovery and reintegration.

Prevention and Protection

Preventive measures and protective actions include:

1. Community Engagement:

   • Working with communities to challenge the social norms that perpetuate FGM and promote alternative rites of passage.

2. Empowering Women and Girls:

   • Providing education and economic opportunities to women and girls to reduce their vulnerability to FGM.

3. Support for At-Risk Individuals:

   • Establishing mechanisms to identify and protect girls at risk of FGM, including reporting systems and safe spaces.

4. International Collaboration:

   • Promoting cross-border cooperation to address FGM in migrant and diaspora communities.

Conclusion

FGM is a deeply rooted practice with devastating consequences for girls and women. It violates their rights and undermines their health and well-being. Eradicating FGM requires a multifaceted approach that includes legal action, education, community engagement, and support services for survivors. Through global and local efforts, we can work towards a future where no girl or woman has to endure the pain and suffering caused by FGM.

In summary, ending FGM is a critical goal that necessitates comprehensive strategies and collaborative efforts. By addressing the root causes, supporting affected individuals, and promoting cultural change, we can protect the rights and health of girls and women worldwide